DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.04.042
Scopus记录号: 2-s2.0-84928328512
论文题名: European emissions of HCFC-22 based on eleven years of high frequency atmospheric measurements and a Bayesian inversion method
作者: Graziosi F ; , Arduini J ; , Furlani F ; , Giostra U ; , Kuijpers L ; J ; M ; , Montzka S ; A ; , Miller B ; R ; , O'Doherty S ; J ; , Stohl A ; , Bonasoni P ; , Maione M
刊名: Atmospheric Environment
ISSN: 0168-2563
EISSN: 1573-515X
出版年: 2015
卷: 112 起始页码: 196
结束页码: 207
语种: 英语
英文关键词: Emission estimates
; High frequency observations
; Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
; Inverse modelling
; Montreal Protocol
; Stratospheric ozone protection
Scopus关键词: Air conditioning
; Developing countries
; Greenhouse gases
; Ozone
; High frequency HF
; Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
; Inverse modelling
; Montreal Protocols
; Stratospheric ozone
; Ozone layer
; halocarbon
; anthropogenic source
; Bayesian analysis
; carbon emission
; developing world
; economic growth
; emission control
; frequency analysis
; greenhouse gas
; hydrochlorofluorocarbon
; measurement method
; Montreal Protocol
; numerical model
; ozone depletion
; pollutant source
; seasonal variation
; stratosphere
; Article
; atmospheric dispersion
; Bayes theorem
; developed country
; European
; greenhouse gas
; growth rate
; hcfc 22
; ozone depletion
; ozone layer
; priority journal
; Apennines
; Connacht
; County Galway
; Emilia-Romagna
; Ireland
; Italy
; Mace Head
; Mediterranean Sea
; Modena
; Mount Cimone
Scopus学科分类: Environmental Science: Water Science and Technology
; Earth and Planetary Sciences: Earth-Surface Processes
; Environmental Science: Environmental Chemistry
英文摘要: HCFC-22 (CHClF2 ), a stratospheric ozone depleting substance and a powerful greenhouse gas, is the third most abundant anthropogenic halocarbon in the atmosphere. Primarily used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems, its global production and consumption have increased during the last 60 years, with the global increases in the last decade mainly attributable to developing countries. In 2007, an adjustment to the Montreal Protocol for Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer called for an accelerated phase out of HCFCs, implying a 75% reduction (base year 1989) of HCFC production and consumption by 2010 in developed countries against the previous 65% reduction. In Europe HCFC-22 is continuously monitored at the two sites Mace Head (Ireland) and Monte Cimone (Italy). Combining atmospheric observations with a Bayesian inversion technique, we estimated fluxes of HCFC-22 from Europe and from eight macro-areas within it, over an 11-year period from January 2002 to December 2012, during which the accelerated restrictions on HCFCs production and consumption have entered into force. According to our study, the maximum emissions over the entire domain was in 2003 (38.2±4.7Ggyr-1), and the minimum in 2012 (12.1±2.0Ggyr-1); emissions continuously decreased between these years, except for secondary maxima in the 2008 and 2010. Despite such a decrease in regional emissions, background values of HCFC-22 measured at the two European stations over 2002-2012 are still increasing as a consequence of global emissions, in part from developing countries, with an average trend of ca 7.0pptyr-1. However, the observations at the two European stations show also that since 2008 a decrease in the global growth rate has occurred. In general, our European emission estimates are in good agreement with those reported by previous studies that used different techniques. Since the currently dominant emission source of HCFC-22 is from banks, we assess the banks' size and their contribution to the total European emissions up to 2030, and we project a fast decrease approaching negligible emissions in the last five years of the considered period. Finally, inversions conducted over three month periods showed evidence for a seasonal cycle in emissions in regions in the Mediterranean basin but not outside it. Emissions derived from regions in the Mediterranean basin were ca. 25% higher in warmer months than in colder months. © 2015 The Authors. Citation statistics:
资源类型: 期刊论文
标识符: http://119.78.100.158/handle/2HF3EXSE/81736
Appears in Collections: 气候变化事实与影响
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作者单位: Department of Basic Science and Foundations, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy; CINFAI (National Inter-University Consortium for Phys. of the Atmosphere and Hydrosphere Tolentino), Italy; Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, Bologna, Italy; Technical University Eindhoven, Netherlands; Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, United States; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
Recommended Citation:
Graziosi F,, Arduini J,, Furlani F,et al. European emissions of HCFC-22 based on eleven years of high frequency atmospheric measurements and a Bayesian inversion method[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2015-01-01,112