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The Cost of Non-Europe in the area of Organised Crime and Corruption

Annex II - Corruption

by Marco Hafner, Jirka Taylor, Emma Disley, Sonja Thebes, Matteo Barberi, Martin Stepanek, Mike Levi

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Research Questions

  1. What are the economic, social and political costs of corruption in the European Union?
  2. What are the gaps and barriers in the existing regulatory framework that hinder the effectiveness of measures to combat corruption in the EU?
  3. What potential is there for action at EU level that might add value and address the challenges identified?

Corruption is a phenomenon that can inflict serious political, economic and social harms to societies around the world. In addition, it poses a significant challenge to social justice and the rule of law, which may undermine trust in democracy and democratic institutions and processes.

The risks of and harms caused by corruption are well recognised by the European Union. 'Fight against corruption' was one of the key objectives of the Stockholm Programme, which guided home affairs priorities in the European Union from 2010-2014. Control of corruption is also one of the components of Europe 2020, the growth strategy for the European Union covering the current decade.

This study looks at the cost of non-Europe in relation to corruption. 'Cost of non-Europe' studies may examine either the challenges of incomplete integration, or the opportunities afforded by greater integration than currently exists. In this case, we examined the potential added value or benefits of EU-wide implementation of anti-corruption policies.

Please note: This report is not available on the RAND website but can be downloaded from the European Parliament website.

Key Findings

Corruption costs the EU between €179bn and €990bn in GDP terms on an annual basis.

  • These figures are higher than the estimate of €120bn included in the 2014 EU Anticorruption Report(ACR), because the estimate in the EU ACR does not account for the indirect effects of corruption (it looks at costs in terms of lost tax revenues and foreign investment due to corruption).

Corruption in the EU has significant social costs and political costs.

  • Corruption is associated with more unequal societies, higher levels of organised crime, weaker rule of law, reduced voter turnout in national parliamentary elections and lower trust in EU institutions.

The cost of corruption risk in EU public procurement is around €5bn per year.

  • The costs of corruption in public procurement vary considerably between Member States. This estimate is slightly higher than the estimate provided by a previous, large study. This could be because our estimate includes all sectors of public procurement and all Member States, whereas the previous estimate included eight Member States and five sectors.

Recommendations

  • The EU should apply the updated Cooperation and Verification Mechanism, which was used on Bulgaria and Romania before they joined the EU, to other member states, as over half have higher than average corruption levels. This could reduce corruption costs by €70 billion (£54.4 billion) annually.
  • The EU should establish a European Public Prosecutors' Office, which would assist the European Commission Anti-Fraud Office in investigating corruption. This could reduce corruption costs by €0.2 billion (£0.16 billion) annually.
  • The EU should implement a full EU-wide procurement system, potentially reducing corruption costs by €920 million (£714.8 million) annually.

Table of Contents

  • Chapter One

    Introduction

  • Chapter Two

    Quantifying the costs of corruption

  • Chapter Three

    The effectiveness of existing anti-corruption measures

  • Chapter Four

    Costs of Non-Europe: what are the potential benefits of action at EU-level?

  • Chapter Five

    Report summary and conclusions

Research conducted by

The research described in this report was prepared for the European Added Value Unit and conducted by RAND Europe.

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