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Based on pollen data of 274 samples from a 550-cm core at Kelashazi Peat in the southern Altai Mountains within China, we reconstructed the Holocene vegetation dynamics and climatic change. The pollen assemblages and the associated biome scores indicate that the vegetation in Kelashazi valley was dominated by alpine meadows during the early Holocene (before similar to 8.2 cal. kyr BP) and by taiga forests in the middle Holocene (similar to 8.2-similar to 5.6 cal. kyr BP) that was followed by an expansion of alpine meadows (similar to 5.6-similar to 3.2 cal. kyr BP). The pollen based temperature index-indicated thermal maximum lasting from similar to 8.0 to similar to 5.6 cal. kyr BP was consistent with temperature stack for 60-30 degrees N and the later onset warming at Kelashazi Peat was associated with the cooling influence of remnant ice sheets in the early Holocene. The pollen-based increasing moisture index curve from Kelashazi Peat is in a good agreement with the synthesized decreasing aridity index curve in low-elevation regions of the Altai Mountains and the surrounding areas during the data-overlapping period between similar to 12.0 and similar to 3.2 cal. kyr BP. The Holocene wetting trend at Kelashazi Peat might have resulted not only from the increasing trend of NAO-related winter precipitation but also from the increasing trend of AMO-modulated summer precipitation.