Multiple global environmental changes (GECs) now under way, including climate change, biodiversity loss, freshwater depletion, tropical deforestation, overexploitation of fisheries, ocean acidification, and soil degradation, have substantial, but still imperfectly understood, implications for human health. Noncommunicable diseases (NICDs) make a major contribution to the global burden of disease. Many of the driving forces responsible for GEC also influence NCD risk through a range of mechanisms. This article provides an overview of pathways linking GEC and NICDs, focusing on five pathways: (a) energy, air pollution, and climate change; (b) urbanization; (c) food, nutrition, and agriculture; (d) the deposition of persistent chemicals in the environment; and (c) biodiversity loss.
1.Wellcome Trust Res Labs, Our Hlth Program, Our Planet, London NW1 2BE, England 2.London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Publ Hlth Environm & Soc, London WC1H 9SH, England 3.London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Populat Hlth, London WC1H 9SH, England
Recommended Citation:
Frumkin, Howard,Haines, Andy. Global Environmental Change and Noncommunicable Disease Risks[J]. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PUBLIC HEALTH, VOL 40,2019-01-01,40:261-282