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The Selenga-Baikal Basin, a transboundary river basin between Mongolia and Russia, warmed at nearly twice the global rate and experienced enhanced human activities in recent decades. To understand the vegetation response to climate change, the dynamic spatial-temporal characteristics of the vegetation and the relationships between the vegetation dynamics and climate variability in the Selenga-Baikal Basin were investigated using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and gridded temperature and precipitation data for the period of 1982 to 2015. Our results indicated that precipitation played a key role in vegetation growth across regions that presented multiyear mean annual precipitation lower than 350 mm, although its importance became less apparent over regions with precipitation exceeding 350 mm. Because of the overall temperature-limited conditions, temperature had a more substantial impact on vegetation growth than precipitation. Generally, an increasing trend was observed in the growth of forest vegetation, which is heavily dependent on temperature, whereas a decreasing trend was detected for grassland, for which the predominant growth-limiting factor is precipitation. Additionally, human activities, such as urbanization, mining, increased wildfires, illegal logging, and livestock overgrazing are important factors driving vegetation change.