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Due to climate change and excessive human activities, runoff dynamics of the Tarim River in northwest China become more pronounced. Understanding the effects of hydrological alteration on the life strategy and dynamics of the Populus euphratica riparian forests is becoming increasingly important. Forest gaps led by such disturbances change the structure and function of the desert riparian forest ecosystems. However, there is a lack of research on the gap formation and dynamics of this special forest type, for which the main driving force of the gap disturbance has always been unknown. In this study, we investigated several parameters of P. euphratica forest gap, such as gap size, gap age, gap fraction, and gap makers to quantify the gap disturbance regimes in the natural floodplain forests along the Tarim River in arid northwest China. In the middle reaches of the Tarim River, a total number of 263 gap makers and 60 gaps in six 50 m x 50 m plots with a total area of 1.5 hm(2) were investigated. The result showed that gap fraction was < 5%, and approximately 28.5% of the expanded gaps were from 1.0 to 1.2 in size (ratio of gap diameter to tree height), especially when formed around 1997-2006. The median size of the expanded gap (140.57 m(2)) in the desert riparian forests was smaller than in tropical forests. P. euphratica was the most abundant gap maker, and its share among gap makers was 12-14 times larger than another species. Furthermore, gap makers contributed to the forest gap size, as shown by a significant correlation between the number of gap makers and the size of expanded gaps, especially those that had been created 50-60 years ago (R-2 = 0.455, P < 0.01). The DBH distribution of living trees versus dead trees showed that most P. euphratica mortality occurred in small size classes. However, living trees were equally frequent in large classes, which suggested that large trees were not exclusively injured or died in these P. euphratica stands that were affected by poor habitats, such as water scarcity. We concluded that climate change and anthropogenic activities (increasing water use for irrigation) since the 1970s led to the progressive decrease in water resources at the regional scale and resulted in a higher frequency of forest gaps in the riparian forests along the Tarim River. The results of this study provide useful implications for ecological restoration of P. euphratica to improve sustainable management of desert riparian forests.