Mountain social-ecological systems (MtSES) are vital to humanity, providing ecosystem services to over half the planet's human population. Despite their importance, there has been no global assessment of threats to MtSES, even as they face unprecedented challenges to their sustainability. With survey data from 57 MtSES sites worldwide, we test a conceptual model of the types and scales of stressors and ecosystem services in MtSES and explore their distinct configurations according to their primary economic orientation and land use. We find that MtSES worldwide are experiencing both gradual and abrupt climatic, economic, and governance changes, with policies made by outsiders as the most ubiquitous challenge. Mountains that support primarily subsistence-oriented livelihoods, especially agropastoral systems, deliver abundant services but are also most at risk. Moreover, transitions from subsistence- to market-oriented economies are often accompanied by increased physical connectedness, reduced diversity of cross-scale ecosystem services, lowered importance of local knowledge, and shifting vulnerabilities to threats. Addressing the complex challenges facing MtSES and catalyzing transformations to MtSES sustainability will require cross-scale partnerships among researchers, stakeholders, and decision makers to jointly identify desired futures and adaptation pathways, assess trade-offs in prioritizing ecosystem services, and share best practices for sustainability. These transdisciplinary approaches will allow local stakeholders, researchers, and practitioners to jointly address MtSES knowledge gaps while simultaneously focusing on critical issues of poverty and food security.
Plain Language Summary Mountain ecosystems and the human communities that inhabit them deliver critical resources-such as fresh water and timber-to over half the planet's human population. Despite their importance, there has been no global assessment of threats to mountain systems, even as they face unprecedented challenges to their sustainability. With survey data from 57 mountain sites worldwide, we test our understanding of the types of stresses that are threatening mountain systems as well as the resources and benefits that come from mountains. We find that mountain systems worldwide are experiencing both gradual and abrupt climatic, economic, and governance changes. One of the most ubiquitous challenges facing mountain systems is that policies directly affecting mountain systems are being made by those living outside of the mountains themselves. Mountains that support primarily subsistence-oriented livelihoods in the developing world, especially mixed agriculture and animal husbandry systems, deliver abundant services but are also most at risk. Addressing the complex challenges facing mountain systems will require partnerships among researchers, stakeholders, and decision makers to jointly identify the types of futures they desire and the actions to achieve these. This approach will address knowledge gaps in mountains while simultaneously focusing on critical issues of poverty and food security.
1.Colorado State Univ, Dept Ecosyst Sci & Sustainabil, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA 2.Univ Florida, Dept Anthropol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA 3.Univ Nevada, Dept Geog, Reno, NV 89557 USA 4.Boise State Univ, Human Environm Syst, Boise, ID 83725 USA 5.ETH, Zurich, Switzerland 6.CNRS, Grenoble, France 7.UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Leipzig, Germany 8.Univ Colorado Boulder, Dept Geog, Boulder, CO USA 9.Univ Colorado Boulder, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO USA 10.Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA 11.Univ Valle Guatemala, Inst Invest, Guatemala City, Guatemala 12.Univ North Carolina Chapel Hill, Dept Geog, Chapel Hill, NC USA 13.Beijing Normal Univ, Sch Environm Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China 14.Mt Res Initiat, Bern, Switzerland 15.Univ Bern, Inst Geog, Bern, Switzerland 16.Univ York, Dept Environm & Geog, York, N Yorkshire, England 17.USFS, Corvallis, OR USA 18.SUNY Stony Brook, Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
Recommended Citation:
Klein, J. A.,Tucker, C. M.,Nolin, A. W.,et al. Catalyzing Transformations to Sustainability in the World's Mountains[J]. EARTHS FUTURE,2019-01-01,7(5):547-557