Central Asia is the upstream of synoptic of China, and has significant strategic importance in relation to the safety of the region ecological environment and resources, especially water resources safety. Research and assessment of climate change and human activities affecting the hydrological environment in Central Asia has vital significance. Over the past century, in Central Asia there was a tendency of wetting and warming, with temperature increase of long duration and large amplitude. In the last 50 years, temperature has increased with the rate of 0.47 ℃·(10a)~(-1), and faster in winter. It was estimated that the warming will continue. After the 1980s, precipitation has increased wavelike. Climate change and human activities have a huge effect on the space-time distribution of water resources in the region, human activities have aggravated the water resources and changed lakes. In the last 50 years, Syr Darya and Amu Darya have reduced the runoff into the Aral Sea. Since the 1970s, water conservancy project construction has increased, coupled with the increase of irrigation water, resulting in sharply decrease of the water from the two rivers into the Aral Sea. After 1987, water from the two rivers into the Aral Sea has risen again, mainly because of precipitation increasing and temperature warming, which accelerates snow and ice melting, and then runoff increasing. At the same time, lake surface has gone down, lake area has shrunk, and water quality has deteriorated. Ice is a main water resources. In recent 50 years, glaciers in Central Asian have retreated in a speed of 0.2%~1% a year, and those in Pamir have retreated 14%~30%; glacier retreat is mainly controlled by significant increase in summer temperature. According to the regional climate changing characteristics, medium and small glaciers would retreat more. Central Asia water problems are mainly international allocation of water resources and international struggle against water environment deterioration. It is necessary to do a good job in water resources assessment, water planning and to establish water environment monitoring network for the whole region. Central Asian countries need to participate to set up a set of complete strategy framework, comprehensive considering population, social economy and ecological environment factors, such as political legislation decision-making system of water management, to build a harmonious coexistence of Central Asia new order of water resources, sustainable utilization of water resources to support economic and social sustainable development.