Fire is proved to be an important ecological and environmental factor in maintaining Pinus yunnanensis forest ecology structure and function by ecological observation. The knowledge about climate-vegetation-fire-human activity is crucial for current and future forest management and biodiversity conservation at the context of global change. However, we know little about the role of fire in Pinus yunnanensis forest formation and evolution. Before research about climate-vegetation-fire-human activity relation using a long sediment core from Xingyun Lake,SW China. We assessed the reliability of fire regime reconstruction by sediment macrocharcoal analysis. Meteorological observation data,social statistical data and historical forest fires data were combined with biomass burning (reconstructed by CHAR) to find driver and mechanism of biomass burning pattern change. Analysis of the sedimentary macroscopic charcoal by 1-cm resolution in a 0.42 m core that retrieved from Lake Xingyun( 24°21'33.4"N,102°47'11.1E; depth in 7.3 m), SW China provided a record of annual- to decadal-scale changes in fire regime over the last 137 years. Fire episodes detected by a sedimentary macroscopic charcoal analysis were compared with historical fire events (1933 ~1989). The close agreement between detected fire episodes and historical fire records suggested that a high-resolution sedimentary macroscopic charcoal analysis of Lake Xingyun provides a suitable method for investigating local fire history. A total of 12 fire episodes were detected in the lake sediment. Between 1933 and 1989, 8 fire episodes were detected, which corresponded to 13 local fire events and 1 extra-local or regional fire event. Changes in the CHAR (i. e.,charcoal accumulation rate),fire Episode Frequency and the Fire Return Interval reflected changes in the fire regime during the last 137 years. Fire Episode Frequency, which raised from 1.22 FE/30 a to 3.64 FE/a, marked frequently occurred fire events. Climate change, anthropogenic burning of biofuels, forest fires, planting structure change and fire suppression measures had influenced the biomass burning patterns since 1872. Before 1923, there was little biomass burning, corresponding to low temperature of Little Ice Age and little human use of biofuels. High temperatures, increasing anthropogenic biofuels burning and 5 fire episodes contributed to the increase in biomass burning between 1923 and 1965. Between 1965 and 1999,the rapidly increasing human burning of biofuels and 4 forest fire episodes rapidly increased total biomass burning. The biomass burning increasing trend since 1872 around Xingyun Lake, which is opposite with the global biomass burning decreasing trend (which started from 1870 A.D.), suggests the probability of spatial heterogeneity in biomass burning trend since 1870 between China and developed countries, such as Europe and America. However, more data, especially from SW China, is needed to understand the regional and global biomass burning patterns.