Based on the global carbon emissions data from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, and population density data from the Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center, the ArcGIS spatial analysis tools were used to integrate population density as an economic-population composite indicator for weighted carbon emissions for 1950, 1980, and 2014. The resulting Global Population-Weighted Carbon Emissions Dataset (at 0.1° * 0.1° resolution) shows that: In 1950, the main carbon emission areas were the eastern part of the United States and Europe. In 1980, the eastern part of China, Japan, and South Korea were added as the main areas of global carbon emissions. In 2014, India and Southeast Asia were newly added as major emission areas. Carbon emissions have increased substantially in general and decreased slightly in a few areas, which is related to the different stages of industrial development. The dataset can reflect the change of global carbon emissions spatial distribution and provide basic data for global climate change research.