Pamir salient is one of the intensest deformation zones caused by India-Eurasia collision, and is an ideal region to study tectonic processes, geomorphic characteristics, climate changes and their interactions. On the basis of previous research results, the Cenozoic tectonic units, geomorphic characteristics and geodynamic evolution models of the Pamir salient are synthesized in this paper, which include the onset and stop timing, motion magnitude and rates of the main tectonic units; the present geomorphic characteristics of the Pamirs salient (distribution of river systems and glaciers); and the main configuration, advantages and limitations of six geodynamic evolution models of the Pamir salient. We propose three key scientific issues in the study of late Cenozoic tectonic processes in Pamir salient, i.e., precise determination of kinematic characteristics and relationships of different faults; combining deep geological processes with surface responses so as to explore the control of deep geological processes on the formation of Pamir salient; and taking the tectonic processes, climatic characteristics and geomorphic evolution as a coupling system.