Under the influence of global climate change and human activities,the problems of grassland grazing overload and grassland degradation in the Mongolian Plateau have become increasingly prominent.How to reveal the human- land relationship of grassland ecosystem from the perspective of the intensity of animal husbandry production to grassland utilization is very important for the sustainable utilization of grassland resources.Based on the balance relationship between supply and consumption of grassland ecosystem,using satellite remote sensing data and livestock statistics,the ecological carrying status of grassland ecosystem in Mongolian Plateau was analyzed,and the regional differences of carrying pressure of grassland ecosystem under different policy backgrounds and resource endowments were studied.The results show that:(1) Different policies and customs in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia of China profoundly affect the way herdsmen use the grassland,which caused significant differences in the livestock production structure of the two areas.The composition of livestock types in Inner Mongolia of China has great regional differences and the total amount is relatively stable,while the number of livestock in Mongolia has increased significantly,and the composition of livestock types is more uniform in the region.(2) The consumption of grassland resources in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia of China showed an obvious upward trend.The total consumption of grassland resources in the Mongolian Plateau exceeded its supply in 2014.Specifically,consumption of grassland resources in Inner Mongolia of China exceeded its supply in 2005,and the consumption of grassland resources in Mongolia has gradually approached the supply in recent years.(3) From 2000 to 2016,the carrying pressure of grassland in Mongolian Plateau has been increasing,and the overall situation has changed from surplus state to critical overload state.Continuous serious overload areas mainly occur in desert grassland areas,and gradually advance to typical grassland and agro- pastoral ecotone.Since 2003,Mongolia's rich and surplus areas have gradually decreased and the serious overload areas have gradually increased,while the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has been fluctuating under the influence of ecological protection policies.The spatial and temporal differences of grassland carrying capacity in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia of China were quantitatively analyzed.The changes of livestock structure and intensity under different social and economic backgrounds could provide scientific basis for grassland resource management.