DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117234
论文题名: Chemistry and sources of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist buses
作者: Fernández-Iriarte A. ; Amato F. ; Moreno N. ; Pacitto A. ; Reche C. ; Marco E. ; Grimalt J.O. ; Querol X. ; Moreno T.
刊名: Atmospheric Environment
ISSN: 1352-2310
出版年: 2020
卷: 223 语种: 英语
英文关键词: Air quality
; Alumina
; Aluminum oxide
; Bacteriology
; Brakes
; Copper
; Diesel engines
; Dust
; Floors
; Hydrocarbons
; Indoor air pollution
; Isomers
; Organic carbon
; Paraffins
; Particle size analysis
; Regenerative braking
; Road vehicles
; Roads and streets
; Sulfur compounds
; Toluene
; Trace elements
; Volatile organic compounds
; Xylene
; Benzene concentration
; Commuting
; Diesel bus
; Electric bus
; Indoor air quality
; Metallic trace elements
; Seasonal differences
; Source apportionment
; Buses
; air quality
; alkene
; ambient air
; bus transport
; chemical composition
; commuting
; electric vehicle
; elemental carbon
; indoor air
; particulate matter
; urban region
; urban transport
; volatile organic compound
; Barcelona [Catalonia]
; Catalonia
; Spain
学科: Commuting
; Diesel bus
; Electric bus
; Indoor air quality
; Public buses
; Tourist bus
中文摘要: Inhalable particulate matter (size <2.5 μm: PM2.5) inside commuting and tourist buses moving through the city of Barcelona, Spain, was chemically analysed. The analyses show PM dominated by organic carbon (mostly 10–20 μg/m3) and elemental carbon (mostly 3–6 μg/m3; OC/EC = 3.4), followed by SO42, Fe, Ca, K, Al2O3, Mg, and Na, with calculated mineral content being around one third that of total carbon. Elemental carbon levels are higher inside diesel buses than those powered by natural gas or electricity, and higher in the upper floor of open-top double decker tourist buses than in the lower floor. Overall, major element concentrations inside the buses are typically 2–8 times higher than 24 h-averaged urban background levels, although some metallic trace elements, notably Cu and Sb, are exceptionally enriched due to the presence of brake particles, especially on routes involving higher gradients and therefore more brake use. In contrast, Cu and Sb concentrations in electric buses are unexceptional, presumably because these buses rely more on regenerative braking and are hermetically sealed when moving. Seasonal differences reveal PM to be more mineral in winter (Al2O3 1.3 μg/m3 vs. summer average of 0.3 μg/m3), with summer enrichment in Na, Mg, P, V, Ni and SO42− being attributed to marine aerosols contaminated by port emissions. Source apportionment calculations identify 6 main factors: road dust resuspension, metalliferous (brake wear and metallurgy), local urban dust, secondary sulphate and shipping (6%), vehicle exhaust (19%), and an indoor source (46%) interpreted as likely related to the textile fibres and skin flakes of bus occupants. Volatile Organic Compounds measured inside all buses except one were dominated by 2-Methylpentane (14–36 μg/m3), Toluene (10–30 μg/m3), Xylene isomers (10–28 μg/m3, with m- » o- > p-Xylene) and n-Pentane (5–15 μg/m3). ƩBTEX concentrations were <70 μg/m3, with Toluene being commonest, followed by m-Xylene, with p-Xylene, o-Xylene and Ethylbenzene each below 7 μg/m3 and Benzene concentrations always less than the EU limit value of 5 μg/m3. The VOCs mixture is similar to that recently reported from inside Barcelona taxis (although inside the larger volume bus VOC concentrations are lower than in the taxis) and is interpreted as providing a chemical fingerprint characterising traffic-contaminated ambient air in the city road environment. The notable exception to the VOC content was a brand new hybrid diesel bus still offgassing volatiles to such an extent that Ʃ(alkane + alkene + aromatic) indoor concentrations exceeded 800 μg/m3, with ƩBTEX ten times higher than normal. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd Citation statistics:
资源类型: 期刊论文
标识符: http://119.78.100.158/handle/2HF3EXSE/160558
Appears in Collections: 气候变化与战略
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作者单位: Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Studies (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), 18-26 Jordi Girona, Barcelona, 08034, Spain; Dept. of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy; Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Industrial and TIC Engineering (EMIT), Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya (UPC), Manresa, 08242, Spain
Recommended Citation:
Fernández-Iriarte A.,Amato F.,Moreno N.,et al. Chemistry and sources of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist buses[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2020-01-01,223