globalchange  > 气候变化与战略
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002722117
论文题名:
Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 bce and effects on the late roman republic and ptolemaic kingdom
作者: McConnell J.R.; Sigl M.; Plunkett G.; Burke A.; Kim W.M.; Raible C.C.; Wilson A.I.; Manning J.G.; Ludlow F.; Chellman N.J.; Innes H.M.; Yang Z.; Larsen J.F.; Schaefer J.R.; Kipfstuhl S.; Mojtabavi S.; Wilhelms F.; Opel T.; Meyer H.; Steffensen J.P.
刊名: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
ISSN: 0027-8424
出版年: 2020
卷: 117, 期:27
起始页码: 15443
结束页码: 15449
语种: 英语
英文关键词: Climate forcing ; Ice core ; Okmok ; Rome ; Volcano
Scopus关键词: Alaska ; Arctic ; Article ; astronomy ; climate change ; environmental temperature ; geochemistry ; historical period ; hydroclimate ; latitude ; Northern Hemisphere ; politics ; priority journal ; seasonal variation ; Southern Europe ; volcano ; Western world ; adverse event ; climate ; climate change ; cold climate ; crop ; disaster ; history ; hunger ; ice cover ; Roman world ; volcano ; Alaska ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Cold Climate ; Crops, Agricultural ; Disasters ; Famine ; History, Ancient ; Ice Cover ; Mediterranean Region ; Politics ; Roman World ; Volcanic Eruptions
英文摘要: The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE triggered a power struggle that ultimately ended the Roman Republic and, eventually, the Ptolemaic Kingdom, leading to the rise of the Roman Empire. Climate proxies and written documents indicate that this struggle occurred during a period of unusually inclement weather, famine, and disease in the Mediterranean region; historians have previously speculated that a large volcanic eruption of unknown origin was the most likely cause. Here we show using well-dated volcanic fallout records in six Arctic ice cores that one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the past 2,500 y occurred in early 43 BCE, with distinct geochemistry of tephra deposited during the event identifying the Okmok volcano in Alaska as the source. Climate proxy records show that 43 and 42 BCE were among the coldest years of recent millennia in the Northern Hemisphere at the start of one of the coldest decades. Earth system modeling suggests that radiative forcing from this massive, high-latitude eruption led to pronounced changes in hydroclimate, including seasonal temperatures in specific Mediterranean regions as much as 7 °C below normal during the 2 y period following the eruption and unusually wet conditions. While it is difficult to establish direct causal linkages to thinly documented historical events, the wet and very cold conditions from this massive eruption on the opposite side of Earth probably resulted in crop failures, famine, and disease, exacerbating social unrest and contributing to political realignments throughout the Mediterranean region at this critical juncture of Western civilization. © 2020 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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资源类型: 期刊论文
标识符: http://119.78.100.158/handle/2HF3EXSE/163441
Appears in Collections:气候变化与战略

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作者单位: McConnell, J.R., Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States, Sir Nicholas Shackleton Visiting Fellow, Clare Hall, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 9AL, United Kingdom; Sigl, M., Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland; Plunkett, G., School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom; Burke, A., School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9AL, United Kingdom; Kim, W.M., Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland; Raible, C.C., Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland, School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom; Wilson, A.I., Faculty of Classics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3LU, United Kingdom, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TG, United Kingdom; Manning, J.G., Department of History, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8324, United States, Department of Classics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8266, United States, School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, United States; Ludlow, F., Trinity Centre for Environmental Humanities, Department of History, School of Histories & Humanities, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland; Chellman, N.J., Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States; Innes, H.M., School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9AL, United Kingdom; Yang, Z., Trinity Centre for Environmental Humanities, Department of History, School of Histories & Humanities, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland; Larsen, J.F., Department of Geosciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States; Schaefer, J.R., Volcanology Section, State of Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, AK 99709, United States; Kipfstuhl, S., Glaciology, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum fur Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany; Mojtabavi, S., Glaciology, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum fur Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany, Department of Crystallography, Geoscience Centre, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, 37073, Germany; Wilhelms, F., Glaciology, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum fur Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany, Department of Crystallography, Geoscience Centre, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, 37073, Germany; Opel, T., Polar Terrestrial Environmental Systems, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum fur Polar- und Meeresforschung, Potsdam, 14473, Germany; Meyer, H., Polar Terrestrial Environmental Systems, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum fur Polar- und Meeresforschung, Potsdam, 14473, Germany; Steffensen, J.P., Physics of Ice, Climate, and Earth, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1017, Denmark

Recommended Citation:
McConnell J.R.,Sigl M.,Plunkett G.,et al. Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 bce and effects on the late roman republic and ptolemaic kingdom[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2020-01-01,117(27)
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