DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.05.009
Scopus记录号: 2-s2.0-84882786848
论文题名: Late Pleistocene leopards across Europe - northernmost European German population, highest elevated records in the Swiss Alps, complete skeletons in the Bosnia Herzegowina Dinarids and comparison to the Ice Age cave art
作者: Diedrich C.G.
刊名: Quaternary Science Reviews
ISSN: 2773791
出版年: 2013
卷: 76 起始页码: 167
结束页码: 193
语种: 英语
英文关键词: Europe
; Fur spot pattern
; Late Pleistocene leopards
; Palaeobiogeography
; Palaeoecology
; Phylostratigraphy
; Taphonomy
; Taxonomy
Scopus关键词: Europe
; Late Pleistocene
; Palaeobiogeography
; Palaeoecology
; Phylostratigraphy
; Spot pattern
; Taphonomy
; Glacial geology
; Musculoskeletal system
; Stratigraphy
; Taxonomies
; Water levels
; Caves
; biostratigraphy
; boreal forest
; cave
; felid
; fossil record
; goat
; paleobiogeography
; paleoecology
; Paleolithic
; rock art
; sexual dimorphism
; skull
; subspecies
; taphonomy
; taxonomy
; Alps
; Baumann's Cave
; Bosnia and Herzegovina
; Dinaric Alps
; Eastern Alps
; Germany
; Harz Mountains
; Saxony-Anhalt
; Switzerland
英文摘要: European leopard sites in Europe demonstrate Early/Middle Pleistocene out of Africa lowland, and Late Pleistocene Asian alpine migrations being driven by climatic changes. Four different European Pleistocene subspecies are known. The final European Late Pleistocene "Ice Age leopard" Panthera pardus spelaea (Bächler, 1936) is validated taxonomically. The skull shows heavy signs of sexual dimorphism with closest cranial characters to the Caucasian Panthera pardus ciscaucasica (Persian leopard). Late Pleistocene leopards were distributed northernmost, up to S-England with the youngest stratigraphic records by skeletons and cave art in the MIS 2/3 (about 32,000-26,000BP). The oldest leopard painting left by Late Palaeolithics (Aurignacians/Gravettians) in the Chauvet Cave (S-France) allows the reconstruction of the Ice Age leopard fur spot pattern being close to the snow or Caucasian leopards. The last Ice Age glacial leopard habitat was the mountain/alpine boreal forest (not mammoth steppe lowland), where those hunted even larger prey such as alpine game (Ibex, Chamois). Into some lairs, those imported their prey by short-term cave dwelling (e.g. Baumann's Cave, Harz Mountains, Germany). Only Eurasian Ice Age leopards specialized, similar as other Late Pleistocene large felids (steppe lions), on cave bear predation/scavenging partly very deep in caves. In Vjetrenica Cave (Dinarid Mountains, Bosnia Herzegovina), four adult leopards (two males/two females) of the MIS 3 were found about two km deep from the entrance in a cave bear den, near to one cave bear skeleton, that remained articulated in its nest. Leopards died there, partly being trapped by raising water levels of an active ponor stream, but seem to have been killed possibly either, similar as for lions known, in battles with cave bears in several cave bear den sites of Europe (e.g. Baumann's Cave, Wildkirchli Cave, Vjetrenica Cave). At other large cave sites, with overlap of hyena, wolf and dhole dens at the cave entrances, leopard bones with bite damages indicate their remains to have been imported and consumed by predators in alpine regions due to reduced prey availability. The best models for the competition/taphonomy of large predators - felids, hyenids, canids - within large cave bear dens of Europe is represented in combination of the Zoolithen Cave and Vjetrenica Cave taphonomy. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. Citation statistics:
资源类型: 期刊论文
标识符: http://119.78.100.158/handle/2HF3EXSE/60546
Appears in Collections: 过去全球变化的重建
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作者单位: PaleoLogic, Petra Bezruce 96, CZ-26751 Zdice, Czech Republic
Recommended Citation:
Diedrich C.G.. Late Pleistocene leopards across Europe - northernmost European German population, highest elevated records in the Swiss Alps, complete skeletons in the Bosnia Herzegowina Dinarids and comparison to the Ice Age cave art[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews,2013-01-01,76