DOI: 10.1029/2012JD018463
论文题名: Shipboard measurements of gaseous elemental mercury along the coast of Central and Southern California
作者: Weiss-Penzias P.S. ; Williams E.J. ; Lerner B.M. ; Bates T.S. ; Gaston C. ; Prather K. ; Vlasenko A. ; Li S.M.
刊名: Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
ISSN: 21698996
出版年: 2013
卷: 118, 期: 1 起始页码: 208
结束页码: 219
语种: 英语
英文关键词: emissions
; gaseous elemental mercury
; incinerator
; marine boundary layer
; ships
; urban outflow
Scopus关键词: Air pollution control
; Mercury (metal)
; Oceanography
; Particulate emissions
; Pile driving
; Refuse incinerators
; Seawater
; Ships
; Sulfur dioxide
; Upper atmosphere
; Background concentration
; Background conditions
; Gaseous elemental mercury
; Marine boundary layers
; Port of long beaches
; San Francisco , California
; Shipboard measurements
; urban outflow
; Water pollution
; atmospheric pollution
; carbon monoxide
; coastal water
; cruise report
; diel variation
; emission inventory
; incineration
; mercury (element)
; oil industry
; outflow
; plume
; shipborne measurement
; wind direction
; California
; United States
; Vindula arsinoe
英文摘要: Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) in the atmosphere was measured during an oceanographic cruise in coastal waters between San Diego and San Francisco, California during the CalNex 2010 campaign. The goal of the measurements was to quantify GEM in the various environments that the ship encountered, from urban outflow, the Port of Long Beach and associated shipping lanes, coastal waters affected by upwelling, the San Francisco Bay, and the Sacramento ship channel. Mean GEM for the whole cruise was 1.41 ± 0.20 ng m-3, indicating that background concentrations were predominantly observed. The ship's position was most often in waters off the coast of Los Angeles (74% of time with latitude < 34.3°N) and mean GEM for this section was not significantly (P > 0.05) higher than the whole cruise mean. South of 34.3°N, GEM was observed to vary diurnally and as a function of wind direction, displaying significantly higher concentrations at night and in the morning associated with general transport from the land to the sea. GEM and CO concentrations were positively correlated with a slope of 0.0011 ng m -3 ppbv-1 (1.23 × 10-7 mol mol -1) during periods identified as "Los Angeles urban outflow", which given the inventoried CO emissions for the region, suggests a larger source of GEM than is accounted for by the inventory. The timing of the diel maximum in GEM (9:00 local time) was intermediate between the maxima of CO and NO2 (6:00) and that of NO and SO2 (10:00-12:00), suggesting that a mixture of urban and industrial sources were contributing to GEM. There was no observable postsunrise dip in GEM concentrations due to reaction with atomic chlorine in the polluted coastal atmosphere. On three occasions, significantly higher GEM concentrations were observed while in the Port of Long Beach (~ 7 ng m-3), and analyses of wind directions, ratios of GEM with other copollutants, and the composition of single particles, suggest that these plumes originated from the local waste incinerator in the Port area. A plume encounter from a large cargo ship allowed for the estimation of a mass-based emission factor for GEM (0.05 ± 0.01 mg kg-1 fuel burned). GEM enhancements observed in the Carquinez Straits, were lower than expected based on the observed NOx /SO2 ratios in the plumes and emissions inventories of the nearest oil refineries. In a region north of Monterey Bay known for upwelling, GEM in the air was positively correlated with dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in seawater and in the air. Using the observed GEM/DMS(g) relationship and the calculated mean DMS ocean-atmosphere flux for the cruise, an ocean-atmosphere flux of GEM of 0.017 ± 0.009 μmol m-2 d-1 was estimated. This flux was on the upper end of previously reported GEM ocean-atmosphere fluxes and should be verified with further measurements of Hg species in seawater and air. Key Points Most GEM concentrations off the coast of Southern California were representative of background conditions. Calculated GEM emissions were consistent with the 2008 Hg inventory for the SERRF incinerator facility. A GEM flux of 0.017± 0.009 mmol m-2 d-1 was calculated from an ocean source in a region of coastal upwelling. © 2012 American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. Citation statistics:
资源类型: 期刊论文
标识符: http://119.78.100.158/handle/2HF3EXSE/63976
Appears in Collections: 影响、适应和脆弱性 气候减缓与适应
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作者单位: Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States; NOAA, Earth Systems Research Laboratory, CO, United States; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; NOAA, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States; Department Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Recommended Citation:
Weiss-Penzias P.S.,Williams E.J.,Lerner B.M.,et al. Shipboard measurements of gaseous elemental mercury along the coast of Central and Southern California[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2013-01-01,118(1)