DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.10.022
Scopus记录号: 2-s2.0-85031787193
论文题名: Black manganese-rich crusts on a Gothic cathedral
作者: Macholdt D ; S ; , Herrmann S ; , Jochum K ; P ; , Kilcoyne A ; L ; D ; , Laubscher T ; , Pfisterer J ; H ; K ; , Pöhlker C ; , Schwager B ; , Weber B ; , Weigand M ; , Domke K ; F ; , Andreae M ; O
刊名: Atmospheric Environment
ISSN: 0168-2563
EISSN: 1573-515X
出版年: 2017
卷: 171 起始页码: 205
结束页码: 220
语种: 英语
英文关键词: Freiburger münster
; Manganese crusts
; Manganese deposition mechanisms
; Portable XRF
; Rock varnish
; Vehicle emission
Scopus关键词: Absorption spectroscopy
; Aromatic hydrocarbons
; Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
; Laser ablation
; Mass spectrometry
; Organic lasers
; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
; Raman spectroscopy
; Trace elements
; Vehicles
; X ray absorption
; X ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
; X ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy
; X ray spectrometers
; Deposition mechanism
; Organic functional groups
; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS)
; Portable x-ray fluorescence
; Portable XRF
; Rock varnishes
; Scanning transmission x ray microscopy
; Vehicle emission
; Manganese
; barium
; carbon
; functional group
; lead
; manganese
; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
; silicon
; trace element
; zinc
; accumulation rate
; building
; calibration
; construction material
; crust
; cyanobacterium
; encrustation
; encrusting organism
; fungus
; homogeneity
; in situ measurement
; manganese
; PAH
; trace element
; traffic emission
; X-ray fluorescence
; Article
; calibration
; controlled study
; density
; exhaust gas
; height
; mass
; mass spectrometry
; priority journal
; Raman spectrometry
; scanning transmission electron microscopy
; surface property
; X ray absorption spectroscopy
; X ray fluorescence
; Germany
; Cyanobacteria
Scopus学科分类: Environmental Science: Water Science and Technology
; Earth and Planetary Sciences: Earth-Surface Processes
; Environmental Science: Environmental Chemistry
英文摘要: Black manganese-rich crusts are found worldwide on the façades of historical buildings. In this study, they were studied exemplarily on the façade of the Freiburger Münster (Freiburg Minster), Germany, and measured in-situ by portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The XRF was calibrated to allow the conversion from apparent mass fractions to Mn surface density (Mn mass per area), to compensate for the fact that portable XRF mass fraction measurements from thin layers violate the assumption of a homogeneous measurement volume. Additionally, 200-nm femtosecond laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (fs LA-ICP-MS) measurements, scanning transmission X-ray microscopy-near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (STXM-NEXAFS), Raman spectroscopy, and imaging by light microscopy were conducted to obtain further insight into the crust material, such as potential biogenic contributions, element distributions, trace element compositions, and organic functional groups. While black crusts of various types are present at many places on the minster's facade, crusts rich in Mn (with a Mn surface density >150 μg cm−2) are restricted to a maximum height of about 7 m. The only exceptions are those developed on the Renaissance-Vorhalle (Renaissance Portico) at a height of about 8 m. This part of the façade had been cleaned and treated with a silicon resin as recently as 2003. These crusts thus accumulated over a period of only 12 years. Yet, they are exceptionally Mn-rich with a surface density of 1200 μg cm−2, and therefore require an accumulation rate of about 100 μg cm−2 Mn per year. Trace element analyses support the theory that vehicle emissions are responsible for most of the Mn supply. Lead, barium, and zinc correlate with manganese, indicating that tire material, brake pads, and resuspended road dust are likely to be the element sources. Microscopic investigations show no organisms on or in the Mn-rich crusts. In contrast, Mn-free black crusts sampled at greater heights (>8 m) exhibited fungal and cyanobacterial encrustation. Carbon-rich spots were found by STXM-NEXAFS underneath one of the Mn-rich crusts. However, these carbon occurrences originate from soot and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) deposited on top of the crust, rather than from organisms responsible for the crust's formation, as shown by STXM-NEXAFS and Raman spectroscopic measurements. Our results suggest that the crusts develop abiogenically, with vehicle emissions as dominant element sources. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
Citation statistics:
资源类型: 期刊论文
标识符: http://119.78.100.158/handle/2HF3EXSE/82171
Appears in Collections: 气候变化事实与影响
There are no files associated with this item.
作者单位: Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany; Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States; Freiburger Münster Münsterbauverein, Freiburg, Germany; Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany; Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany; Modern Magnetic Systems Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany; Geology and Geophysics Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Recommended Citation:
Macholdt D,S,, Herrmann S,et al. Black manganese-rich crusts on a Gothic cathedral[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2017-01-01,171