Ammonia
; Birds
; Houses
; Particulate emissions
; Ventilation
; Ambient air temperature
; Average emission rate
; Continuous monitoring
; Egg production
; Emission rates
; Laying-hen
; Particulate Matter
; Ventilation rate
; Carbon dioxide
; ammonia
; carbon dioxide
; air temperature
; ambient air
; ammonia
; animal welfare
; bird
; carbon dioxide
; concentration (composition)
; egg production
; emission inventory
; particulate matter
; poultry
; relative humidity
; ventilation
; ambient air
; Article
; California
; climate
; controlled study
; hen
; housing
; humidity
; lung ventilation
; nonhuman
; particulate matter
; pollutant
; priority journal
; temperature
; California
; United States
; Aves
Scopus学科分类:
Environmental Science: Water Science and Technology
; Earth and Planetary Sciences: Earth-Surface Processes
; Environmental Science: Environmental Chemistry
英文摘要:
Cage-free housing systems have attracted considerable attention in the United States recently as they provide more space and other resources (such as litter area, perches, and nest boxes) for hens and are considered to be more favorable from the standpoint of hen welfare. This study was carried out to quantify emissions of aerial ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2) and particulate matter (PM10and PM2.5) from cage-free layer houses in California and compare the values with those for other types of layer houses. Two commercial cage-free houses with 38,000 hens each were monitored from March 1, 2012 to April 1, 2013. Results show that NH3and CO2concentrations in the houses were affected by ventilation rate, which was largely influenced by ambient air temperature. The PM10and PM2.5concentrations in the houses depended on the activity of birds, ventilation rate and relative humidity of the ambient air. The average emission rates of NH3, CO2, PM10and PM2.5were 0.29, 89.9, 0.163 and 0.020�g�d−1�hen−1, respectively. The NH3emission rate determined in this study was higher than those of aviary houses. The PM10and PM2.5emission rates were higher than those reported for high-rise layer houses. � 2016 Elsevier Ltd
Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, University of California-Davis, United States; Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura UniversityDaqahlia, Egypt; Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department, Iowa State University, United States
Recommended Citation:
Lin X,, Zhang R,, Jiang S,et al. Emissions of ammonia, carbon dioxide and particulate matter from cage-free layer houses in California[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2017-01-01,152