Air quality
; Air quality standards
; Atmospheric chemistry
; Climate change
; Environmental Protection Agency
; Ozone
; Particulate emissions
; Pollution
; Urban growth
; Air pollution sources
; Exposure
; Future perspectives
; Megacities
; Pollutant concentration
; Susceptible population
; Transportation sector
; World Health Organization
; Air pollution
; alcohol
; biodiesel
; biofuel
; ozone
; air quality
; atmospheric pollution
; climate change
; concentration (composition)
; fuel consumption
; future prospect
; historical perspective
; megacity
; metropolitan area
; pollutant source
; pollution exposure
; pollution monitoring
; public health
; Southern Hemisphere
; standard (regulation)
; urbanization
; World Health Organization
; air pollution
; air quality
; air quality standard
; Brazil
; Brazilian
; climate change
; environmental protection
; evolution
; exhaust gas
; human
; particle size
; practice guideline
; priority journal
; Review
; urban area
; urbanization
; world health organization
; Brazil
; Sao Paulo [Brazil]
Scopus学科分类:
Environmental Science: Water Science and Technology
; Earth and Planetary Sciences: Earth-Surface Processes
; Environmental Science: Environmental Chemistry
英文摘要:
We present a comprehensive review of published results from the last 30 years regarding the sources and atmospheric characteristics of particles and ozone in the Metropolitan Area of S�o Paulo (MASP). During the last 30 years, many efforts have been made to describe the emissions sources and to analyse the primary and secondary formation of pollutants under a process of increasing urbanisation in the metropolitan area. From the occurrence of frequent violations of air quality standards in the 1970s and 1980s (due to the uncontrolled air pollution sources) to a substantial decrease in the concentrations of the primary pollutants, many regulations have been imposed and enforced, although those concentrations do not yet conform to the World Health Organization guidelines. The greatest challenge currently faced by the S�o Paulo State Environmental Protection Agency and the local community is controlling secondary pollutants such as ozone and fine particles. Understanding the formation of these secondary pollutants, by experimental or modelling approaches, requires the description of the atmospheric chemical processes driven by biofuel, ethanol and biodiesel emissions. Exposure to air pollution is the cause of many injuries to human health, according to many studies performed not only in the region but also worldwide, and affects susceptible populations such as children and the elderly. The MASP is the biggest megacity in the Southern Hemisphere, and its specifics are important for other urban areas that are facing the challenge of intensive growth that puts pressure on natural resources and worsens the living conditions in urban areas. This text discusses how imposing regulations on air quality and emission sources, mainly related to the transportation sector, has affected the evolution of pollutant concentrations in the MASP. � 2017 Elsevier Ltd
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of S�o Paulo, S�o Paulo, Brazil; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences (FEPS), University of Surrey, Guilford, United Kingdom; Environmental Flow (EnFlo) Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom; Federal University of Technology, Av. Dos Pioneiros, 3131, Londrina, Brazil; EACH – School or Arts, Science and Humanities, University of S�o Paulo, S�o Paulo, Brazil; Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
Recommended Citation:
Andrade M,D,F,et al. Air quality in the megacity of S�o Paulo: Evolution over the last 30 years and future perspectives[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2017-01-01,159