European emissions of the powerful greenhouse gases hydrofluorocarbons inferred from atmospheric measurements and their comparison with annual national reports to UNFCCC
Atmospheric movements
; Carbon dioxide
; Climate change
; Climate models
; Developing countries
; Environmental regulations
; Gases
; Global warming
; Greenhouse gases
; International cooperation
; Anthropogenic activity
; Atmospheric measurement
; Greenhouse gas inventory
; Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
; Inverse modelling
; KYOTO protocol
; Montreal Protocols
; United nations framework convention on climate changes
; Fluorocarbons
; fluorinated hydrocarbon
; anthropogenic effect
; atmospheric modeling
; atmospheric pollution
; bottom-up approach
; comparative study
; developing world
; emission inventory
; greenhouse gas
; hydrofluorocarbon
; Kyoto Protocol
; measurement method
; Montreal Protocol
; pollution control
; United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
; Article
; atmospheric deposition
; climate change
; comparative study
; developed country
; European
; exhaust gas
; greenhouse effect
; greenhouse gas
; priority journal
; United Nations
; Europe
Scopus学科分类:
Environmental Science: Water Science and Technology
; Earth and Planetary Sciences: Earth-Surface Processes
; Environmental Science: Environmental Chemistry
英文摘要:
Hydrofluorocarbons are powerful greenhouse gases developed by industry after the phase-out of the ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons required by the Montreal Protocol. The climate benefit of reducing the emissions of hydrofluorocarbons has been widely recognised, leading to an amendment of the Montreal Protocol (Kigali Amendment) calling for developed countries to start to phase-down hydrofluorocarbons by 2019 and in developing countries to follow with a freeze between 2024 and 2028. In this way, nearly half a degree Celsius of warming would be avoided by the end of the century. Hydrofluorocarbons are also included in the basket of gases controlled under the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Annex I parties to the Convention submit annual national greenhouse gas inventories based on a bottom-up approach, which relies on declared anthropogenic activities. Top-down methodologies, based on atmospheric measurements and modelling, can be used in support to the inventory compilation. In this study we used atmospheric data from four European sites combined with the FLEXPART dispersion model and a Bayesian inversion method, in order to derive emissions of nine individual hydrofluorocarbons from the whole European Geographic Domain and from twelve regions within it, then comparing our results with the annual emissions that the European countries submit every year to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, as well as with the bottom-up Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research. We found several discrepancies when considering the specific compounds and on the country level. However, an overall agreement is found when comparing European aggregated data, which between 2008 and 2014 are on average 84.2 � 28.0 Tg-CO2-eq�yr−1 against the 95.1 Tg-CO2-eq�yr−1 reported by UNFCCC in the same period. Therefore, in agreement with other studies, the gap on the global level between bottom-up estimates of Annex I countries and total global top-down emissions should be essentially due to emissions from non-reporting countries (non-Annex I). � 2017 Elsevier Ltd
Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy; CINFAI (National Inter-University Consortium for Physics of the Atmosphere and Hydrosphere), Rome, Italy; Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, Bologna, Italy; Centre for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States; Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway; Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Ispra, VA, Italy; Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dubendorf, Switzerland
Recommended Citation:
Graziosi F,, Arduini J,, Furlani F,et al. European emissions of the powerful greenhouse gases hydrofluorocarbons inferred from atmospheric measurements and their comparison with annual national reports to UNFCCC[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2017-01-01,158